In July, a group of Spanish astronomers, led by Jose-Luis Ortiz, announced that they’d discovered an object now known as 2003 EL61, which is a Kuiper Belt object nearly as large as Pluto. At the time, a separate group of astronomers, led by Michael Brown of Caltech, had been tracking the same object to try to learn more about it. Dr. Brown sent a congratulatory email to Dr. Ortiz.
Now Dr. Brown says something foul is in the air and wants Dr. Ortiz to be stripped as the discoverer of 2003 EL61. Why? On July 20 he’d sent an abstract to the American Astronomical Society that contained his internal name for the object, K40506A. Between July 26 and 28 computers from the same institute that Dr. Ortiz works at accessed Dr. Brown’s telescope logs that contained this internal name, apparently accessed by doing a Google search for K40506A. On July 28 Dr. Ortiz made his announcement.
This understandably has people up in arms on either side of the debate. First, Dr. Ortiz’s side says that he’d been observing it for some time (since March 2003) and would have announced the discovery anyhow. Also, Dr. Brown shouldn’t have put data on a public webserver if he wanted it to be private. Dr. Brown’s side says that Dr. Ortiz’s group should have at the very least acknowledged that they’d seen Dr. Brown’s data instead of giving the impression that they hadn’t. To this date nobody from Dr. Ortiz’s side has even admitted to looking at Dr. Brown’s data.
There are two problems here: The first is astronomers sitting on data. It’s a common habit, and it really points to the ego of scientists. They are human, after all, and most of them would love to see their name associated with such a major discovery. There’s a tendency to sit on data and try to figure it out yourself, rather than getting the data out in the public for other astronomers to try to collaborate on.
The second problem is the sheer childness of it all. As P. Clay Sherrod of Arkansas Sky Observatories says, the whole thing “gives the appearance of respected scientists as school boys fighting over a deflated football even though recess period has long ended with the ringing of the bell.” It’s a bit of a blight on astronomy, especially with the story in the New York Times (registration may be needed).
On the other side of the playground, astronomers recently announced the discovery of a record-breaking gamma ray burst. GRBs aren’t fully understood yet, and there’s international campaigns underway to try to figure them out. GRBs are essentially giant explosions. They get their name by their characteristic bright and short burst of high energy photons called gamma rays. Gamma rays, luckily for all of us living on Earth, don’t get through the atmosphere, so they have to be detected by satellites. When one goes off and the satellite spots it, the satellite relays the GRBs coordinates down to a network on Earth called the Gamma ray bursts Coordinate Network (or GCN), which astronomers can then use to try to observe the GRB with other telescopes. GRBs fade rapidly, so it’s important to get as much data as early as possible.
This whole process happened on 4 September 2005. The SWIFT telescope spotted a GRB. Shortly after this, various telescopes observed the field and eventually Subaru Telescope found the object is about 13 billion light-years away. It’s the farthest-known gamma ray burst, and it happened when the universe was about 500 million years old.
This shows what you gain through collaborative science instead of hoarding your data. For time-sensitive science like gamma ray bursts, one group cannot even begin to get enough telescopes pointed at an object to figure out what’s going on. If you look at the list of telescopes reporting results, you’ll see telescopes from all over the world, of all sizes, of varied wavelengths. Keck is a privately-owned telescope operated by CalTech, Subaru is run by Japan, the VLT is operated by ESO, and the various robotic telescopes are operated by a similarly-wide range of groups. There’s no way one astronomer, or even a group of astronomers, could get time on all of these telescopes. Opening up the data for public consumption as soon as possible is the only way for this science to happen.
If only people like Michael Brown and Jose-Luis Ortez realized this. I hate to sound like an after-school special, but working together helps you achieve more than you would alone. These two results from the astronomical world are fine examples of that moral.